A collection of new studies on the genomes of two model organisms has shifted the boundaries of biology, and refers to implemented methods that could one day reach the long-promised, the genomics revolution, not yet.
Published in Nature and Science studies go far beyond the genes that encode proteins, which represent only a small fraction of all genes and an even smaller fraction of all DNA in the genome.
Once known as the plan of life, genes encoding proteins of the ink is only visible in a list of the parts. The new studies show both to extend the start list and how the parts are available - and how they interact.
"It was clear that the DNA sequences are only one element. You do not explain the complexity of higher order," said Peter Park, a bio-computer at Harvard University and co-author of one of the Nature study. "People are sequencing the genomes, but not really tell us about the activities of the cell."
Park is a contribution to the mode code, short for model agency Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, a massive international collaboration of dozens of institutions and hundreds of researchers. Consider an alphabet soup of interacting transcription factors, messengers, regulators, and other types of DNA that code for proteins with genes to maintain life processes.
It is an effort that few people found it necessary ten years ago when, the Human Genome Project by entering into a White House ceremony where President Clinton announced that "marked revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most if not all, human diseases, "and that" mankind is about the immense power to give new cure. "
That may come, but not in the calendar, which many scientists expected. With few exceptions, such as mutations in susceptibility to breast cancer, and the terms of a single gene, such as Huntington's disease and Marfan syndrome, identifiable genetic variation has relatively little to explain the disease or development. promising avenues and mechanisms have been tested and are now being studied, but understanding has to come slowly.
In the past two years suggests a number of tests of association in large-scale whole genome (the comparison of genomic variation in "hot spots" in thousands) new ways. But no explanation for the disease, and the limits of standard genomics into mainstream science. Discussion about the "missing heritability", is about 95 percent risk of a hereditary disease to the naked eye, but you can in a sequencer, which appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine and Nature dial.
All this is not an error, but an awareness of how extraordinarily complicated each genome. Since the learning process is based on the early stages of the human genome project, researchers are looking fine in the total DNA of each genome and the chemical components, and then try how to understand all this cooperation at different levels, molecules to cells to whole organisms.
"The goal is to identify the mode code all functional elements in the genome and to understand what happened the genome, which is the next step beyond knowledge of the sequence," says Brenton Graveley, a developmental biologist at University of Connecticut.
In one of the articles in the journal Nature, Graveley and dozens of other researchers with new DNA sequencing techniques to look around the base of the foundation of the genome of the fruit fly, with the hope the missing pieces identified in previous studies. (He compared those examinations "think entering a grocery store and not banana was a fruit because the fruit such as apples is known.")
We identified 2000 unknown genes, now responsible for one eighth of the genome of the fruit fly. In addition, we have found more than 100,000 new elements or molecules, the genes do not, but can still play a role in the genome. In fruit flies, about 40 percent of the genome fits this description. In humans is closer to two thirds.
The second study examined the chemical nature of DNA is not "information" in the genome that is made of chromatin: DNA wrapped around proteins called histones, and in combination with other proteins that affect how DNA.
This approach is of epigenetics (epi half) are known, but the review was unprecedented, watching dozens of epigenetic factors in individual DNA base. The result of the "landscape of chromatin showed that regions seemed dead, but now seem involved in gene regulation. It is only a beginning.
"Measure in any place in the order, can the various attributes of chromatin. There are hundreds of internet, and only now know that tens of thousands to do," Park said, "How can these results trademarks in gene regulation is important. At the moment we saw correlations. Not necessarily understand the mechanisms behind this. "
These mechanisms, and how the genetic and regulatory shifts to cells and organisms interact to develop base, is the province of two scientific papers. These provide an analysis on the network level, or "wiring diagrams" of fruit flies and roundworms, said the Yale University bioinformatician Mark Gerstein, co-author of the paper roundworm.
Gerstein specialty is the network structure. In other research, which compared the properties of networks of genes between organisms and even between bacteria and operating systems. This work suggested the importance of network structure to entirely different organisms produce common genetic components. (Humans and mice share almost the same set of genes known).
"Previously, people had the transcription factor networks in E. observed coli and yeast, but no one ever had at this scale of the network seen in an animal," said Gerstein, you can begin to see patterns. MiRNA that a transcription factor , regulates a transcription factor that regulates microRNAs in a feedback loop, we note that several of these .. "
In a commentary accompanying the Science papers, mode code University of Edinburgh geneticist Mark Blaxter investigate the Large Hadron Collider in comparison to the nature of the genome of the "dark matter".
"At present it is not possible to calculate an organization of their genome," he writes, but fashion labor code, "to bring this goal."
Despite the volume of studies, 17 studies with more freedom in tandem in the journal Genome Research, mode code work is just beginning. "We see a huge amount of data. We are only scratching the surface," Park said future studies in more detail in different tissue types and stages of development are discussed.
mode code work is also known as a warm-up for a similar project in the people, coding. It should produce comparable results in the next two years.
"There is lots to explore, to discover, even the corpses have been extensively investigated as the fruit fly," said Ernst. "In organisms such as humans, there are certainly many secrets to discover more."
Published in Nature and Science studies go far beyond the genes that encode proteins, which represent only a small fraction of all genes and an even smaller fraction of all DNA in the genome.
Once known as the plan of life, genes encoding proteins of the ink is only visible in a list of the parts. The new studies show both to extend the start list and how the parts are available - and how they interact.
"It was clear that the DNA sequences are only one element. You do not explain the complexity of higher order," said Peter Park, a bio-computer at Harvard University and co-author of one of the Nature study. "People are sequencing the genomes, but not really tell us about the activities of the cell."
Park is a contribution to the mode code, short for model agency Encyclopedia of DNA Elements, a massive international collaboration of dozens of institutions and hundreds of researchers. Consider an alphabet soup of interacting transcription factors, messengers, regulators, and other types of DNA that code for proteins with genes to maintain life processes.
It is an effort that few people found it necessary ten years ago when, the Human Genome Project by entering into a White House ceremony where President Clinton announced that "marked revolutionize the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of most if not all, human diseases, "and that" mankind is about the immense power to give new cure. "
That may come, but not in the calendar, which many scientists expected. With few exceptions, such as mutations in susceptibility to breast cancer, and the terms of a single gene, such as Huntington's disease and Marfan syndrome, identifiable genetic variation has relatively little to explain the disease or development. promising avenues and mechanisms have been tested and are now being studied, but understanding has to come slowly.
In the past two years suggests a number of tests of association in large-scale whole genome (the comparison of genomic variation in "hot spots" in thousands) new ways. But no explanation for the disease, and the limits of standard genomics into mainstream science. Discussion about the "missing heritability", is about 95 percent risk of a hereditary disease to the naked eye, but you can in a sequencer, which appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine and Nature dial.
All this is not an error, but an awareness of how extraordinarily complicated each genome. Since the learning process is based on the early stages of the human genome project, researchers are looking fine in the total DNA of each genome and the chemical components, and then try how to understand all this cooperation at different levels, molecules to cells to whole organisms.
"The goal is to identify the mode code all functional elements in the genome and to understand what happened the genome, which is the next step beyond knowledge of the sequence," says Brenton Graveley, a developmental biologist at University of Connecticut.
In one of the articles in the journal Nature, Graveley and dozens of other researchers with new DNA sequencing techniques to look around the base of the foundation of the genome of the fruit fly, with the hope the missing pieces identified in previous studies. (He compared those examinations "think entering a grocery store and not banana was a fruit because the fruit such as apples is known.")
We identified 2000 unknown genes, now responsible for one eighth of the genome of the fruit fly. In addition, we have found more than 100,000 new elements or molecules, the genes do not, but can still play a role in the genome. In fruit flies, about 40 percent of the genome fits this description. In humans is closer to two thirds.
The second study examined the chemical nature of DNA is not "information" in the genome that is made of chromatin: DNA wrapped around proteins called histones, and in combination with other proteins that affect how DNA.
This approach is of epigenetics (epi half) are known, but the review was unprecedented, watching dozens of epigenetic factors in individual DNA base. The result of the "landscape of chromatin showed that regions seemed dead, but now seem involved in gene regulation. It is only a beginning.
"Measure in any place in the order, can the various attributes of chromatin. There are hundreds of internet, and only now know that tens of thousands to do," Park said, "How can these results trademarks in gene regulation is important. At the moment we saw correlations. Not necessarily understand the mechanisms behind this. "
These mechanisms, and how the genetic and regulatory shifts to cells and organisms interact to develop base, is the province of two scientific papers. These provide an analysis on the network level, or "wiring diagrams" of fruit flies and roundworms, said the Yale University bioinformatician Mark Gerstein, co-author of the paper roundworm.
Gerstein specialty is the network structure. In other research, which compared the properties of networks of genes between organisms and even between bacteria and operating systems. This work suggested the importance of network structure to entirely different organisms produce common genetic components. (Humans and mice share almost the same set of genes known).
"Previously, people had the transcription factor networks in E. observed coli and yeast, but no one ever had at this scale of the network seen in an animal," said Gerstein, you can begin to see patterns. MiRNA that a transcription factor , regulates a transcription factor that regulates microRNAs in a feedback loop, we note that several of these .. "
In a commentary accompanying the Science papers, mode code University of Edinburgh geneticist Mark Blaxter investigate the Large Hadron Collider in comparison to the nature of the genome of the "dark matter".
"At present it is not possible to calculate an organization of their genome," he writes, but fashion labor code, "to bring this goal."
Despite the volume of studies, 17 studies with more freedom in tandem in the journal Genome Research, mode code work is just beginning. "We see a huge amount of data. We are only scratching the surface," Park said future studies in more detail in different tissue types and stages of development are discussed.
mode code work is also known as a warm-up for a similar project in the people, coding. It should produce comparable results in the next two years.
"There is lots to explore, to discover, even the corpses have been extensively investigated as the fruit fly," said Ernst. "In organisms such as humans, there are certainly many secrets to discover more."
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